The period emphasizes a hybrid modeling paradigm that blends first-principles physics with data-driven estimators to tackle measurement gaps and complex dynamics across batch and continuous operations. There is a strong focus on multivariate statistics-based process monitoring and fault diagnosis across batch and continuous operations, using multiway principal component analysis, projection to latent structures, and related statistical process control techniques to detect anomalies and gauge subsystem performance, alongside integrated design under parametric uncertainty via mixed-integer nonlinear programming (MINLP) and penalty-function approaches. Modeling languages and modular representations gained traction for systematic synthesis of processing networks, with work on process engineering modeling languages and generalized modular representations for flow-sheets. Design for flexibility and controllability integrated plant structure with dynamic optimization and control, introducing quantitative measures of flexibility/controllability and pursuing integrated synthesis under disturbances. Solids processing and bulk materials modeling advanced PSD-aware simulation and system-level operation to address breakage, flow, and segregation phenomena in bulk solids tasks.